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Old 02-27-2004, 02:33 PM   #141
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23. Hakim Abdel Amer.

Field-Marshal Mohammed Abdel-Hakim, Hakim Abdel Amer, Egypt, 13/5/1964, #11225

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11 Dec 1919 - 13 Sep 1967

Positions:
Where there are no dates, positions are ordered alphabetically.

Deputy Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces - Government of Egypt (1964 - 1967)
First Vice-President - Government of Egypt (1964 - 1967)
Second Vice-President - Government of Egypt (1961 - 1964)
Commander-in-Chief - Combined Armed Forces of Egypt, Libya and Syria (1958 - 1962)
Governor for Syrian Region (UAR) - Government of Egypt (1958 - 1961)
Commander-in-Chief - Egyptian Army (1952 - 1958)
Director - Office of the Head of State (1952 - ?)
Member - Free Officers' Movement.

Hakim Abdel Amer is pictured here with Nasser.
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:35 PM   #142
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24. Fritz Schmenkel.

Soviet partisan, Fritz Schmenkel, Germany (GDR), 6/10/1964, #?
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Fritz Schmenkel
* 14.02.1916
† 22.02.1944

Fritz Hans Werner Schmenkel was born on 14 Feb 1916 in Worsaw, a small village near Stettin.
Son of Paul Krause, a brickyard Worker and cleaner Elsa Schmenkel.
He grew up with his Grandmother ( Mothers side).
His father was shot by the SA in 1932 and he became the bread winner of the family.
In 1936/37 he served in the RAD until his call up to the Wehrmacht in 1938.
His HSU was postum. The HSU was given to his widow Erna Schmenkel at an Award ceremony in Berlin.
Schools, Firms and Public buildings have all been named after this Anti-Faschist soviet Partisan.
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Fritz Schmenkel, a German Anti-fascist, was called up for duty in the German Army (Wehrmacht) in 1938.
In 1940 he was Court-martialed and sentenced to 8 months prison.
In November 1941 Corpral Schmenkel deserted from his unit the 1st Artillerie Regiment, 186th Infantry Division, 4th Army Group (Central) stationed in Wjasma to the Sowiet Partisans.
He joined the White Russian Task force and was a member of the unit " Death to Fascism" ( Chief of Staff, Pjotr Filippow).
In the area of Smolensk he fought against the soldiers of Hitler-Germany.
He was captured by the Germans whilst trying to Parachute behind the enemy lines in the Winter of 1943/44.
On the 15. February 1944 in Minsk he was Court-martialed and sentenced to Death. He was executed by firing squad on 22.02.1944.
Fritz Schmenkel was awarded the "Hero of the Soviet Union" postumously on 06. Oktober 1964.
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:36 PM   #143
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25. Ludvík Svoboda.

President Ludvík Svoboda, Czechoslovakia, 24/11/1965, #10708
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Ludvik Svoboda (1895-1975)
Was awarded his HSU on the 24th November 1965
During WW2 he was Chief Commander of the Czechoslovak Army in the Soviet Union
Between 1968-1975 Czechoslovak President
His second volume of his memoirs Cestami zivota II. (Paths of Life II.) was only published in 1992. In the book he very openly described the disruptive role of Communists in the Czechoslovak Army on Eastern front. The book was written in 70's, but Communist Party forbade its publishing. It was really ironic: President of the State was not allowed to publish his own memoirs.

8th President of Czechoslovakia
In office - 30 March 1968 – 28 May 1975
Preceded by Jozef Lenárt (acting)
Succeeded by Gustáv Husák
Born: November 25, 1895 (1895-11-25)
Hroznatín, Austria Hungary
Died: September 20, 1979 (aged 83) Prague, Czechoslovakia
Spouse: Irena Svobodová

Ludvík Svoboda (born November 25, 1895, Hroznatín, Moravia - died September 20, 1979, Prague) was a Czechoslovak national hero who fought in both World Wars and was later the president of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.

In World War I Svoboda deserted from the Austro-Hungarian army, while on the Eastern Front, and fought for the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia. He took part in the legendary battles of Zborov and Bakhmach and returned home through the famous "Siberian anabasis". He then worked at his father's estate before launching his military career in the Czechoslovak army.

In the early 1930s he taught at a military academy. After the German occupation in the spring 1939 he became a member of a secret underground organization Obrana národa ("Defence of the nation"). It is supposed that at the same time he established connection with the Soviet intelligence. In June 1939 he fled to Poland, forming an initial Czechoslovak military unit in Kraków, before falling into Soviet captivity during the "Fourth partition of Poland", however escaping a certain death after - as he put it in the postwar era - asking his captors to call a phone number in Moscow where they could obtain a personal information about him; this worked. After the outbreak of the German offensive against the USSR Svoboda became head of the Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front. The unit fought the Germans for the first time in March 1943. Due to the trust he enjoyed on the part of Klement Gottwald´s exile leadership and Soviet functionaries he quickly climbed the military ranks becoming army general in August 1945.
In World War II a substantial part of Czechoslovakia was liberated by the Red Army and the First Czechoslovak Army Corps under the leadership of Svoboda. Svoboda was appointed Minister of Defense while being welcomed as a hero of the Eastern Front. The Soviet Union enjoyed a great popularity among the population and in the elections of 1946 the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CCP) won 38% of the vote nationwide.

On February 22, 1948 after the abdication of cabinet ministers from three democratic parties in protest against Communist practices the Communist dominated Trade Union Congress voted unanimously to replace the 12 government posts with Communists. As armed workers and the People's Militias took to the streets, Svoboda refused to quell the insurrection with military force, saying "the army will not march against the people". Two days later (and one day after a general strike in which 2,5 million citizens participated either out of fear or creed) the then Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš accepted a solution asserted by Gottwald and filled the vacant government posts with Communist candidates, thus creating a 25-seat government with 13 Communist ministers. The takeover was completely bloodless. Svoboda, whose label had been that of an "apolitical" minister since the first days of his term, then joined the Communist Party whose de facto Trojan horse he had been all the time and was elected a deputy to the National Assembly. Svoboda was forced out of the army (in which he had reached the rank of General November 1945) in 1950 under pressure from Stalin. He was deputy Prime Minister of the Czechoslovak government in 1950 and 1951. In the purges which followed Svoboda was imprisoned, and released in the Khrushchev period, subsequently heading the Klement Gottwald Military Academy.

In 1946 he was awarded the title People's Hero of Yugoslavia, in November 1965. Svoboda was also awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union (on November 24, 1965), and of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (being awarded the latter title again in 1970 and 1975). He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (1970).

After the ending of the Antonín Novotný regime, in the period known as the Prague Spring, Svoboda was elected President of Czechoslovakia on March 30, 1968, on the recommendation of Alexander Dubček, the First Secretary. Svoboda then gave a mild consent to the reform process of the new Party leadership until the Soviet intervention in August 1968. He refused to appoint the so called peasant-workers´government against Leonid Brezhnev´s pressure. He also secured the release of Dubček when the latter, and other members of the Czechoslovak government were abducted to the Soviet Union in August 1968.

His performance actually helped Brezhnev force the Czechoslovak representatives to sign the notorious Moscow protocols,[citation needed]which meant a factual capitulation as they were kept secret and provided the Warsaw pact armies with a factual licence to a "temporary stay" (as it was called later at an October parliamentary session) in Czechoslovakia. The protocols also obliged the Party leadership to promote political, cultural and other changes to stop the reform process. Svoboda also supported then Minister of Defence Martin Dzúr who ordered the Czechoslovak army to not show any resistance. Given the public outrage and resistance, Svoboda's arbitrary action was in fact in line with Brezhnev´s intents and against the wishes of the public.

Svoboda survived the removal of reformist Communists in Czechoslovakia while passively witnessing the Party purges and suffocation of former civic liberties. He even helped silence the disobedient press and also contributed to Dubček's ouster from his post in April 1969. He did not stop to believe that his submissive conduct helped save thousands of lives from "immense consequences" and pointed to his memories of a soldier of war horrors.

After resisting stubbornly the attempts of Gustav Husák´s new leadership to oust him from the presidential office, he had to be forced to retire in 1975 through a constitutional act paragraph 64 Nr.143/1968 Sb., stating that the Federal Assembly may elect a new president provided that the existing one has not been able to perform his office longer than one year; this was true on grounds of his ill health.
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:38 PM   #144
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26. Vladimir Stoyanov-Zayimov.

Reserve General Vladimir Stoyanov-Zayimov, Bulgaria, 30/5/1972, #?
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ZAIMOV, Vladimir Stoyanov (1888-1942) Bulgarian general, anti-nazi

Reserve General Vladimir Zaimov, born 1888, had participated in military revolts of 1934 and 1935 as one of the leaders. This caused his dismissal as Inspector of the Army and his retirement. He started working with the Communist Party and the Soviet Embassy. Early in 1942, he was arrested with 40 persons for hostile propaganda and contacts with the Soviet Embassy in Sofia. (Amazingly, Bulgaria maintained diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union throughout WWII, while the German army was stationed in Bulgaria. The Soviet Embassy in Sofia became a window for the USSR behind the German lines.) Zaimov was put on trial and executed on June 1, 1942. He became Hero of the Soviet Union in 1972. - Communist Bulgaria promoted him colonel general posthumously and named a military electromechanical factory in Bozhurishte (Sofia region) in his honor.
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:39 PM   #145
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27. Todor Zhivkov.

President Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria, 31/5/1977, #11281
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1911–98, Bulgarian political leader.
A printer, and a Communist party member from 1932, he rose to prominence as a partisan leader during World War II and headed the coup against the monarchy in Sept., 1944.
In 1948 he became a member of the Communist party central committee. His steady rise culminated in 1954 when he became first secretary of the party. He served (1962–71) as premier before assuming (1971) the post of president of Bulgaria.
He maintained close relations with the Soviet Union throughout his tenure, making Bulgaria the most compliant Soviet satellite. On Nov. 10, 1989, Zhivkov was ousted from the presidency following a revolt against him within the Communist party that was backed by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and his supporters in the politburo were purged. His 1992 conviction on corruption charges was voided in 1996.
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:40 PM   #146
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28. Vladimír Remek.

Captain Vladimír Remek, Czechoslovakia, Cosmonaut, 16/3/1978, #11299
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Born on the 26.09.1948 in Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia.
Married with one Child.
Before he became a cosmonaut, Remek was in the Czech Air Force and passed through the Air Force Acadamy.
In 1966, he graduated from a physics and mathematics middle school in Cheslav and entered High Aviation School in Coshice. After graduation in 1970, he served with the Czechoslovak Air Force (Zvolensk Wing). In 1976, he graduated from the Gagarin Air Force Academy in the USSR.
In 1976 he was accepted into the Soviet cosmonaut unit (1976 Intercosmos Group # 1) together with Oldrich Pelczak.
He underwent the full general space preparation course and underwent preparations under the Intercosmos program for co-operation with socialist countries. He made his space flight on March 2 - 10, 1978, as research cosmonaut of the space ship "Soyuz-28" (call sign - "Zenit-2") together with Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Aleksandrovich Gubarev. The cosmonauts worked onboard the orbital complex Salyut 6- Soyuz 27- Soyuz 28 together with Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko and Georgi Mikhailovich Grechko. Their stay in space was 7 days 22 hours 16 minutes.
He was the first Czechoslovak Cosmonaut and the first citizen of a nation other than the United States or the USSR to go into space.
Ret. 10.03.1978. as a Cosmonaut.

After 1978, he continued service in the Czechoslovak Air Force. He served as the Assistant to the Chief of the Military Research Institute (1979 - 1985). Afterwards, he served in the Defence Office of Czechoslovakia. He worked as the Director of a Museum of Space and Aircraft in Prague (Czech Republic). Later he represented the Firm CZ-Turbo CAZ in Nishni Nowgorod (Rußland)

Vladimir Remek Was awarded his HSU on the 16th March 1978.

He now lives and works in Moscow at the Czech Embassy.


Awards: Hero of the Soviet Union. Hero of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Awarded Soviet Order of Lenin, Czechoslovak Order of Clement Gotvald, others orders and medals.
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:42 PM   #147
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29. Miroslaw Hermaszewski.

Colonel Miroslaw Hermaszewski, Poland, Cosmonaut 5/7/1978, #11301
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Born: 15.09.1941, Lipniki, Volynia, "Eastern Poland" (now Ukraine).
Started flying in 1960, in 1961joined Aviation Officer School in Dęblin.
As a commander of 11th fighter rg. was submited as a candidate for cosmonaut (at the rank of pułkownik (colonel)). In 1976 he was selected "board engeneer" on Soyuz-30 ( commander: P.I. Klimuk, 27.061978).
One week on Salut-6. landing: 5.07.1978.
1988 - promoted to general (generał brygady, equivalent of Soviet General-major)
Member of WRON (Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego - Military Council of National Salvation, official polish "junta" "government" 1981-1983).
1991-1992 - Vice-commander of Air forces;
Currently retired.
Member of ASE.
The first and, so far, the only polish cosmonaut.
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:44 PM   #148
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30. Sigmund Jähn.

Maj.General Sigmund Jähn, Germany (GDR), Cosmonaut, 10/9/1978, #11303
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Sigmund Jähn was born on February 13, 1937 in the city of Morgenroethe-Rauthenkranz (Vogtland) to a working family.
In 1943, he entered primary school in Rauthenkranz. In 1951, he graduated from the 8th grade, and began studying printing. At the Falkenstein Printing House in Klingenthal he received his printer's diploma. In 1955, based on an appeal of the Union of Free German Youth, he entered the National People's Army of the GDR and was enlisted as a cadet at the Franz Mehring Higher Air Force Officer School. After graduation in 1958, he served with the Air Force of the National People’s Army of the GDR. In 1970, he graduated from the Gagarin Air Force Academy in the USSR, and continued service in the Air Force of the GDR as a pilot-inspector. Fluent in Russian, he translated into German a number of Soviet military and political publications.

In 1976 he was accepted into the Soviet cosmonaut unit (1976 Intercosmos Group # 1) together with Eberhard Koellner. He underwent the full general space preparation course under the Intercosmos program for co-operation with socialist countries. He made his space flight from August 26 through September 3, 1978, as the research cosmonaut of the space ship Soyuz-31 (call sign - Yastreb-2) together with Soviet Valery Bykovsky. The cosmonauts worked onboard the orbital complex Salyut-6 - Soyuz -29 - Soyuz -30 together with Vladimir Vasilyevich Kovalenok and Alexsander Sergeyevich Ivanchenkov. Their stay in space was 7 days 20 hours 49 minutes and 4 seconds.

After the flight he returned home to continued service in the National People's Army of the GDR. From 1980 to 1983 he was the Assistant to the Chief of the Directorate of the GDR Air Force. After the merger of two Germanies he was retired from military service, and until 1993 was not engaged in any work. Since 1993 he has worked as a representative of Germany to the European Space Agency.

Awards: Hero of the Soviet Union. Hero of the German Democratic Republic. Awarded Order of Lenin (USSR), Order of Karl Marx (GDR), other German Orders and Medals
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:45 PM   #149
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31. Georgi Ivanov.

Major General Georgi Ivanov, Bulgaria, Cosmonaut, 13/4/1979, #10749
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his original name Georgi Ivanov Kakalov was changed by Russian order because Kakalov means in Russian something obscene; Doctorate degree; engineer; pilot; hobbies: Underwater-fishing, skiing; later member of Bulgarian Parliament.
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Old 02-27-2004, 02:47 PM   #150
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32. Bertalan Farkas

Brigadier General Bertalan Farkas, Hungary, Cosmonaut, 30/6/1980, #11441
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Born on 02 August 1949 in Gyulahaza Hungary.
Pilot and Brigadier General in the Hungarian Airforce; graduated from aeronautical college, Szolnok; graduated from Air Military College, Krasnodar, Russia; later scientist at Technical University, Budapest; than Airforce-Attachee at Hungarian Embassy in Washington; currently President of Airlines Service and Trade Ltd., Budapest; hobbies: Soccer.
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