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National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)National World War I MemorialNational World War I Memorial in 2023Show map of Central Washington, D.C.Show map of the United StatesShow allLocationWashington, D.C., U.S.NearestcityWashington, acres (7,100m2)EstablishedMay 14, 1981 (Pershing Park)
April 16, 2021 (National World War I Memorial)GoverningbodyNational Park Serviceand National World War I Memorial CommissionWebsiteNational World War I Memorial

TheNational World War I Memorialis anational memorialcommemorating the service rendered by members of theUnited States Armed ForcesinWorld War I. The 2015 National Defense Authorization Act authorized theWorld War I Centennial Commissionto build the memorial inPershing Park, located at14th StreetandPennsylvania AvenueNW inWashington, D.C.The park, which has existed since 1981, also contains theJohn J. Pershing General of the Armiescommemorative work. In January 2016, the design commission selected the submission "The Weight of Sacrifice", by a team consisting of Joseph Weishaar,Sabin Howard, Phoebe Lickwar, and GWWO Architects, as the winning design,[1]which is expected to be completed by 2024.[2]

In 2016, David Rubin Land Collective replaced Forge as landscape architects for the project. Growing pressure to preserveM. Paul Friedberg’s design for Pershing Park while acknowledging the extent of the park as the national memorial required a balanced approach inserting new elements of commemoration and managed change of the original modernist construct. Although the project had met “concept approval” previously, in an effort to describe a thoughtful memorial while revivifying the urban park, a new concept was developed for approval by the agencies with oversight. Where the winning proposal erased a significant portion of the park, the new proposal led by DAVID RUBIN Land Collective struck a balance to ensure both modernist park and memorial could be read simultaneously. Over the course of 39 months, the design team presented alternates negotiating memorial and park elements, resulting in a holistic urban park memorial that met the needs of all parties, including the World War I Commission.

On September 19, 2020, Libby O’Connell, representing the World War I Commission, and David A. Rubin, founding principal of David Rubin Land Collective, presented the revised design to the US Commission of Fine Arts for final approval, and the new concept was able to move forward through construction.

On April 16, 2021, the U.S. flag was raised at the memorial and PresidentJoe offerenspoke at a virtual ceremony opening it to the public.[3][4]

Pershing Park[edit]The Bex Eagle, a statue of an eagle carrying the world, is located on the west end of the memorial

The Pershing Park site was originally occupied by a variety of 19th-century structures until about 1930, when the federal government took legal title to the block and demolished the structures on it.[5]Legislation officially designating the plot as Pershing Square subsequently was adopted by Congress in 1957.[6]Development of the square proved controversial, as different groups offered competing proposals for memorials toJohn J. Pershing, who had served asGeneral of the Armiesin World War I.[7]These disagreements led to inaction, and by 1962 the square remained bare and often cluttered with trash.[8]In September 1963, District of Columbia officials finally planted grass and flower beds to temporarily beautify the square.[9]

In November 1963, the President's Council on Pennsylvania Avenue proposed a master plan for the redevelopment of Pennsylvania Avenue NW from theWhite Houseto theUnited States Capitol. The master plan proposed constructing a National Plaza (also called the Western Plaza), which would have required the demolition of Pershing Square, theWillard Hotelnorth of the square, and the two blocks of buildings and streets east of these tracts.[10]TheAmerican Legion, among others, kept pushing for a grand statue of Pershing for the square, but all plans for the park were suspended until the Pennsylvania Avenue master plan could be finalized.[11]

National Plaza was never constructed. Instead, a much smallerFreedom Plazawas built that did not require the demolition of Pershing Square. Designs for a statue and memorial to Pershing and for the larger park were finalized in the 1970s, and Pershing Park was constructed simultaneously with Freedom Plaza from 1979 to 1981.[12]The park was slightly enlarged due to the realignment of Pennsylvania Avenue NW along the area's north side. Pershing Park formally opened to the public at 11:45 AM on May 14, 1981.[13][14]TheAmerican Battle Monuments Commissionpaid the $400,000 for the park.[15]

Pershing Park contains a statue of General Pershing byRobert White, as well as memorial walls and benches behind the statue describing Pershing's achievements in World War I.[14]The sculpture was dedicated in October 1983.[16]

The park also has a fountain, a pond (which turned into anice rinkin the winter), and flower beds.[14]Pershing Park is owned by the government of the District of Columbia, but administered by the National Park Service as an official unit of the park system (managed under the agency'sNational Mall and Memorial Parksadministrative group).

More than 400 demonstrators were illegally arrested in Pershing Park in September 2002 duringanti-globalization protestsagainst theWorld BankandInternational Monetary Fund.[17]

National World War I Memorial[edit]John J. PershingMemorial in Pershing Park

In 1931, the people of theDistrict of Columbiaerected theDistrict of Columbia War Memorialon theNational Mallto honor individuals from the District who had served in the U.S. armed forces in World War I.[18]But the largest of the country's World War I memorials was theLiberty Memorial, a 217-foot (66m) tall tower with an artificial burning pyre atop it, located inKansas City, Missouri. A Memorial Court surrounded the tower, with a Memory Hall (dedicated to the memory of Kansas Citians who died in the war) on the east and a Museum Building on the west. Ground was broken on the memorial on November 1, 1921, and it opened on November 11, 1926.[19]But no national memorial commemorating World War I was erected over the next 70 years, which upset World War I veterans.[18]

The Liberty Memorial suffered from neglect over the years, and the tower was closed to the public in 1994. A $102 million renovation and expansion effort began in 2000, and the memorial reopened in 2006.[20][21]The expansion, which added a 30,000-square-foot (2,800m2) museum space, a 20,000-square-foot (1,900m2) research center, a theater, a cafeteria, and modern storage for the museum's extensive collection, opened in 2006.[21]

United States Army Quartermaster CorpsQuartermaster CorpsQuartermaster Corps branch insigniaCountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnited States Army Quartermaster CorpsBranchUnited States ArmyRoleSustainmentWebsiteOfficial WebsiteCommandersQuartermaster GeneralCOL Jin H. Pak

TheUnited States Army Quartermaster Corps, formerly theQuartermaster Department, is asustainmentand formercombat service support(CSS) branch of theUnited States Army. It is also one of three U.S. Army logistics branches, the others being theTransportation Corpsand theOrdnance Corps.

The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps mission is to support the development, production, acquisition, and sustainment of general supply,Mortuary Affairs, subsistence, petroleum and water, and material and distribution management during peace and war to provide combat power to the U.S. Army. The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is theQuartermaster General. The current Quartermaster General isColonelJin H. Pak.[1]

History[edit]Assistant Quartermaster GeneralJohn Parkegives instructions to a captain of artillery whose company has just arrived from Boston. New London, 1776.See also:Quartermaster General of the United States Army

The Quartermaster Corps is the U.S. Army's oldest logistics branch, established 16 June 1775. On that date, theSecond Continental Congresspassed a resolution providing for "oneQuartermaster Generalof the grand army and a deputy, under him, for the separate army".

In 1802 under President Thomas Jefferson the size of the US Army was reduced with the Quartermaster Department being disbanded. In its place the nation was divided into three departments, each with its own agent and subordinates who were responsible for quartermaster functions within each Department[2]The Quartermaster Corps was re-established in 1812.

From 1775 to 1912, this organization was known as the Quartermaster Department. In 1912, Congress consolidated the former Subsistence, Pay, and Quartermaster Departments to create the Quartermaster Corps.Quartermasterunitsand soldiers have served in every U.S. military operation from theRevolutionary Warto recent operations in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom).

Insignia[edit]
  • The Regimental Insignia was authorized in 1986 and revised in 1994 to the current insignia. The insignia is described as a gold color metal and enamel device 1 inch in height consisting of a gold eagle with wings spread and head lowered looking to his right and standing upon a wheel with a blue felloe set with thirteen gold stars, having thirteen gold spokes and the hub white with a red center; superimposed on the wheel a gold sword and key crossed diagonally hilt and bow up, all on a black background and resting upon a wreath of green laurel terminating at either side below the eagle's wings at the upper end of the sword and key. Attached below the device is a gold scroll inscribedSUPPORTING VICTORYin black. The original regimental insignia was all gold and approved on 31 March 1986. The design was changed on 7 June 1994 to add color to the insignia. The Regimental DUI is worn on the Soldier's right side above the name tag and any unit awards on theArmy Service Uniform.[3]
  • The Branch Insignia was approved in its present form in 1913. The sword is characteristic of military forces and symbolized the Quartermaster Corps control of military supplies. The key is representative of the Corps traditional storekeeping function. The wheel is styled after a six-mule-wagon wheel and represents transportation and delivery of supplies. The wheel has thirteen spokes, a red and white hub, and a blue felloe (the outer edge of the wheel) embedded with thirteen gilt (gold) stars. The thirteen stars and spokes of the wheel represent the original colonies and the origin of the Corps which occurred during the Revolutionary War. The gilt (gold) eagle is the national bird and is symbolic of our nation. The colors red, white, and blue are the national colors. The Branch Insignia is worn on the lapel of theArmy Service Uniform, singly on a brass disk for Enlisted personnel and in pairs for Officers.[4][5]

World War I Victory Medal (United States)World War I Victory MedalObverseTypeService medalAwarded for"service between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, or with either of the followingexpeditions:
  • American Expeditionary Forces in European Russiabetween November 12, 1918, and August 5, 1919.
  • American Expeditionary Forces Siberiabetween November 23, 1918, and April 1, millimeters in diameter. On theobverseis a wingedVictorystanding full length and full face. On the reverse is the inscriptionThe Great War for Civilizationand thecoat of arms for the United Statessurmounted by afasces, and on either side the names of theAllied and Associated Nations. The medal is suspended by aringfrom asilkmoireribbon1 3/8 inches in length and 36 millimeters in width, composed of tworainbowsplaced injuxtapositionand having the red in the middle, with a white thread along each edge.CountryUnited StatesPresented bySecretary of WarandSecretary of the NavyEligibilityMilitary personnel onlyMottoThe Great War for 105years agoService ribbonandcampaign streamerPrecedenceNext(higher)Mexican Border Service MedalNext(lower)Army of Occupation of Germany Medal

    TheWorld War I Victory Medal(known prior to establishment of theWorld War II Victory Medalin 1945 simply as theVictory Medal) was aUnited Statesservice medaldesigned byJames Earle FraserofNew York Cityunder the direction of theCommission of Fine Arts.[1]

    Award of a commonalliedservice medal was recommended by an inter-allied committee in March 1919.[2]Each allied nation would design a 'Victory Medal' for award to their military personnel, all issues having certain common features, including a winged figure ofvictoryon the obverse and the same ribbon.[3]

    The Victory Medal was originally intended to be established by anact of Congress. Thebillauthorizing the medal never passed, however, thus leaving the military departments to establish it throughgeneral orders. TheWar Departmentpublished orders in April 1919, and theNavyin June of the same year.[1]

    Criteria[edit]

    The Victory Medal was awarded to military personnel for service between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, or with either of the followingexpeditions:

    • American Expeditionary Forces in European Russiabetween November 12, 1918, and August 5, 1919.
    • American Expeditionary Forces Siberiabetween November 23, 1918, and April 1, 1920.[4]
    Design[edit]

    The front of the bronze medal features awinged Victoryholding a shield and sword on the front. The back of the bronze medal features "The Great War For Civilization" in all capital letters curved along the top of the medal. Curved along the bottom of the back of the medal are six stars, three on either side of the center column of seven staffs wrapped in a cord. The top of the staff has a round ball on top and is winged on the side. The staff is on top of a shield that says "U" on the left side of the staff and "S" on the right side of the staff. On left side of the staff it lists oneWorld War I Alliedcountry per andGreece. On the right side of the staff the Allied country names read:Great with a U instead of an O as it is spelled now), andChina.

    Back of the medalDevices[edit]

    To denote battle participation and campaign credit, the World War I Victory Medal was authorized with a large variety of devices to denote specific accomplishments. In order of seniority, the devices authorized to the World War I Victory Medal were as follows:

    Citation Star[edit]

    TheCitation Starto the World War I Victory Medal was authorized by the United States Congress on February 4, 1919.[1]A3⁄16inch silver star was authorized to be worn on the ribbon of the Victory Medal for any member of the U.S. Army who had been cited for gallantry in action between 1917 and 1920. In 1932, the Citation Star ("Silver Star") was redesigned and renamed theSilver Star Medaland, upon application to theUnited States War Department, any holder of the Silver Star Citation could have it converted to a Silver Star medal.

    Navy Commendation Star[edit]

    TheNavy Commendation Starto the World War I Victory Medal was authorized to any person who had been commended by the Secretary of the Navy for performance of duty during the First World War. A3⁄16inch silver star was worn on the World War I Victory Medal, identical in appearance to the Army's Citation Star. Unlike the Army's version, however, the Navy Commendation Star could not be upgraded to the Silver Star medal.[1][5]

    Army Battle Clasps[edit]

    The followingbattle clasps, inscribed with a battle's name, were worn on the medal to denote participation in major ground conflicts.[1]

    Army Battle ClaspsMajor Ground ConflictStart DateEnd DateAisneMay 27, 1918June 5, 1918Aisne-MarneJuly 18, 1918August 6, 1918CambraiMay 12, 1917December 4, 1917Champagne-MarneJuly 15, 1918July 18, 1918LysApril 9, 1918April 27, 1918Meuse-ArgonneSeptember 26, 1918November 11, 1918Montdidier-NoyonJune 9, 1918June 13, 1918Oise-AisneAugust 18, 1918November 11, 1918St. MihielSeptember 12, 1918September 16, 1918Somme-DefensiveMarch 21, 1918April 6, 1918Somme-OffensiveAugust 8, 1918November 11, 1918Vittorio-VenetoOctober 24, 1918November 4, 1918Ypres-LysAugust 19, 1918November 11, 1918Four of the thirteen major ground conflicts

    For general defense service, not involving a specific battle, the "Defensive Sector" Battle Clasp was authorized. The clasp was also awarded for any battle which was not already recognized by its own battle clasp.

    The World War I Victory Medal bears the clasps of the battles the U.S. Army participated in across the ribbon. Not all battles are shown on the bar clasps. Only the battles designated as battles that would have bars issued were shown on the medal. The famousBattle of Chateau Thierryto hold the Chateau and the bridge as a joint effort between the US Army and the US Marines against the German machine gunners did not get awarded clasps.

    As commander of theAmerican Expeditionary Forces, GeneralJohn J. Pershingreceived all 14 clasps. His medal is in theNational Museum of American History.[6]


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