Important Presentation Silver Sword with 16th C. Arabic or Turkish MAMLUK Blade For Sale

Important Presentation Silver Sword with 16th C. Arabic or Turkish MAMLUK Blade
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Important Presentation Silver Sword with 16th C. Arabic or Turkish MAMLUK Blade:
$12000.00

Museum Quality Presentation Silver Sword wth 16th C. Arabic Turkish MAMLUK Blade Museum Quality Presentation Silver Sword wth 16th C. Arabic Turkish MAMLUK Blade


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Buyers fromCHINA, Please make sure you have the shipping address inHong Kongand it\'s on your PayPal, as we will Not ship style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Outstanding \"State of the Art\" Solid silver mounts with gilded elements, bull horn grip.

Museum rarity 16th century Islamic blade from a Mamluk battle sword.


Overall 40\" Blade 32 1/4\"


MamlukFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

AnEgyptianmamluk warrior in full armor and armed with lance, shield,Mameluke swordand pistolsOttomanmamlukheavy cavalryarmour, circa 1550

More specifically, it refers to:

  • GhaznavidsofGreater Dynasty (Delhi)(1206–1290)
  • Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)(1250–1517)
    • Bahri dynasty(1250−1382)
    • Burji Dynasty (Iraq)(1704–1831)

    The most enduring Mamluk realm was the knightly militarycasteinEgypt in the Middle Ages, which developed from the ranks of slave soldiers. These were mostly enslavedTurkic peoples,[1]Egyptian Mamluks were also ofBalkanorigin (Albanians,Greeks, andSouth Slavs).[10][11]The \"mamluk phenomenon\", asDavid Ayalondubbed the creation of the specific warrior class,[12]was of great political importance; for one thing, it endured for nearly 1000 years, from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries.

    Over time, the mamluks became a powerful military knightlycastein various societies that were controlled by Muslim rulers. Particularly inEgypt, but also in theLevant,Mesopotamia, andIndia, mamluks held political and military power. In some cases, they attained the rank ofsultan, while in others they held regional power asemirsorbeys. Most notably, mamluk factions seized the sultanate centered onEgyptandSyria, and controlled it as theMamluk Sultanate(1250–1517). The Mamluk Sultanate famously defeated theIlkhanateat theBattle of Ain Jalut. They had earlier fought the western European ChristianCrusadersin 1154–1169 and 1213–1221, effectively driving them out of Egypt and the Levant. In 1302 the mamluks formally expelled the last Crusaders from the Levant, ending the era of the Crusades.[13]

    While mamluks were purchased as property, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. In places such as Egypt, from theAyyuoffer dynastyto the time ofMuhammad Ali of Egypt, mamluks were considered to be \"true lords\" and \"true warriors\", with social status above the general population inEgyptand theLevant. In a sense they were like enslaved mercenaries.[2][14]

    OverviewMamluk lancers, early 16th century (etching byDaniel Hopfer)A Mamluk nobleman fromAleppo, 19th century

    The origins of the mamluk system are disputed. Historians agree that an entrenched military caste such as the mamluks appeared to develop in Islamic societies beginning with the ninth-centuryAbbasid CaliphateofBaghdad. When in the ninth century has not been determined. Up until the 1990s, it was widely believed that the earliest mamluks were known asghilman(another term for slaves, and broadly synonymous[15]) and were bought by the Abbasid caliphs, especiallyal-Mu\'tasim(833-842).

    By the end of the 9th century, such warrior slaves had become the dominant element in the military. Conflict between these ghilman and the population of Baghdad prompted the caliphal-Mu\'tasimto move his capital to the city ofSamarra, but this did not succeed in calming tensions. The caliphal-Mutawakkilwas assassinated by some of these slave-soldiers in 861 (seeAnarchy at Samarra).[16]

    Since the early 21st century, historians suggest that there was a distinction between a ghilman system, in Samarra, which did not have specialized training and was based on pre-existing Central Asian hierarchies. Adult slaves and freemen both served as warriors. The mamluk system developed later, after the return of the caliphate to Baghdad in the 870\'s. It included the systematic training of young slaves in military and martial skills. .[17]The Mamluk system is considered to have been a small-scale experiment ofal-Muwaffaq, to combine the slaves\' efficiency as warriors with improved reliability. This recent interpretation seems to have been accepted.[18]

    After the fragmentation of the Abbasid Empire, military slaves, known as either mamluks or ghilman, were used throughout the Islamic world as the basis of military power. TheFatimid Caliphateof Egypt had forcibly taken adolescent male Armenians, Turks, Sudanese, and Copts from their families in order to be trained as slave soldiers. They formed the bulk of their military, and the rulers selected prized slaves to serve in their administration.[19]The powerful vizierBadr al-Jamali, for example, was a mamluk from Armenia. In Iran and Iraq, theBuyid dynastyused Turkic slaves throughout their empire. The rebelal-Basasiriwas a mamluk who eventually ushered inSeljuq dynastic rulein Baghdad after attempting a failed rebellion. When the later Abbasids regained military control over Iraq, they also relied on the ghilman as their warriors.[20]

    UnderSaladinand the Ayyuoffers of Egypt, the power of the mamluks increased and they claimed the sultanate in 1250, ruling as theMamluk Sultanate.[2]Throughout the Islamic world, rulers continued to use enslaved warriors until the 19th century. TheOttoman Empire\'sdevşirme, or \"gathering\" of young slaves for theJanissaries, lasted until the 17th century. Regimes based on mamluk power thrived in such Ottoman provinces as the Levant and Egypt until the 19th century.

    Organization

    Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, Mamluks were purchased while still young males. They were raised in the barracks of the Citadel of Cairo. Because of their isolated social status (no social ties or political affiliations) and their austere military training, they were trusted to be loyal to their rulers.[14]When their training was completed, they were discharged, but remained attached to the patron who had purchased them. Mamluks relied on the help of their patron for career advancement, and likewise the patron’s reputation and power depended on his recruits. A Mamluk was \"bound by a strong esprit de corps to his peers in the same household.\"[14]

    Mamluks lived within their garrisons and mainly spent their time with each other. Their entertainments included sporting events such as archery competitions and presentations of mounted combat skills at least once a week. The intensive and rigorous training of each new recruit helped ensure continuity of Mamluk practices.[2]

    Sultans owned the largest number of mamluks, but lesseramirsalso owned their own troops. Many Mamluks were appointed or promoted to high positions throughout the empire, including army command.[2]At first their status was non-hereditary. Sons of Mamluks were prevented from following their father\'s role of life. However, over time, in places such as Egypt, the Mamluk forces became linked to existing power structures and gained significant amounts of influence on those powers.[2]

    Relations with homelands and families

    In Egypt, studies have shown that mamluks from Georgia retained theirnative language, were aware of the politics of theCaucasus region, and received frequent visits from their parents or other relatives. In addition, they sent gifts to family members or gave money to build useful structures (a defensive tower, or even a church) in their native villages.[21]

    EgyptMain article:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)Early Mamluks in EgyptThebattle of Wadi al-Khazandar, 1299. depictingMongolarchers and Mamluk cavalry (14th-century illustration from a manuscript of theHistory of the Tatars)Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan(left) along with the laterAl-Rifa\'i Mosque(right) and two Ottoman mosques (foreground) – Cairo

    Throughout the past centuries, Egypt was controlled by the rulers notably theIkhshidids,FatimidsandAyyuoffers. Throughout these dynasties, thousands of mamluk servants and guards continued to be used, and even took high offices. This increasing level of influence among the mamluk worried theAyyuoffersin particular. Eventually a Mamluk rose to become sultan.[2][22]According to Fabri, a historian had asserted that mamluks of Egyptian origin were enslaved Christians. He believed that after they were taken from their families, they became renegades.[2]Because Egyptian mamluks were enslaved Christians, Islamic rulers did not believe they were true believers of Islam.[2]

    By 1200 Saladin\'s brotherAl-Adilsucceeded in securing control over the whole empire by defeating and killing or imprisoning his brothers and nephews in turn. With each victory Al-Adil incorporated the defeated mamluk retinue into his own. This process was repeated at Al-Adil\'s death in 1218, and at his son Al-Kamil\'s death in 1238. The Ayyuoffers became increasingly surrounded by the mamluks, who acted semi-autonomously as regionalatabegs. The mamluks increasingly became involved in the internal court politics of the kingdom itself as various factions used them as allies.[2]

    French attack and Mamluk takeoverMain article:Bahri Mamluks

    In June 1249, theSeventh CrusadeunderLouis IX of Francelanded in Egypt and tookDamietta. After the Egyptian troops retreated at first, the sultan had more than 50 commanders hanged asdeserters.

    When the Egyptian sultanas-Salih Ayyubdied, the power passed briefly to his sonal-Muazzam Turanshahand then his favorite wife, theTurkaccording to most historians, some others sayArmenianShajar al-Durr. She took control with mamluk support and launched a counterattack against the French. Troops of the Bahri commanderBaibarsdefeated Louis\'s troops. The king delayed his retreat too long and was captured by the Mamluks in March 1250. He agreed to pay a ransom of 400,000livres tournoisto gain release (150,000 livres were never paid).[23]

    Because of political pressure for a male leader, Shajar married the Mamluk commander,Aybak. He was assassinated in his bath. In the ensuing power struggle,viceregentQutuz, also a mamluk, took over. He formally founded theMamluke Sultanateand theBahri mamluk dynasty.

    The first Mamluk dynasty was named Bahri after the name of one of theregiments, theBahriyyahor River Island regiment. Its name referred to their center onRhoda Islandin theNile. The regiment consisted mainly glassware vessels from the 14th century; in the course of trade, the middle vase shown ended up inYemenand thenChina.Mamluks and the Mongols

    When theMongol Empire\'s troops ofHulagu KhansackedBaghdad in 1258and advanced towards Syria, the Mamluk emirBaibarsleft Damascus for Cairo. There he was welcomed by Sultan Qutuz.[25]After taking Damascus, Hulagu demanded that Qutuz surrender Egypt. Qutuz had Hulagu\'s envoys killed and, with Baibars\' help, mobilized his troops.

    When the greatMöngke Khandied in action against theSouthern Song, Hulagu pulled the majority of his forces out of Syria to attend thekurultai(funeral ceremony). He left his lieutenant, the ChristianKitbuqa, in charge with a token force of about 18,000 men as a garrison.[26]Qutuz drew the Ilkhanate army into an ambush near theOrontes River, routed them at theBattle of Ain Jalutin 1260, and captured and executed Kitbuqa (seeQutuz).

    After this great triumph, Qutuz was assassinated by conspiring Mamluks. It was widely said that Baibars, who seized power, had been involved in the assassination plot. In the following centuries, the mamluks ruled discontinuously, with an average span of seven years.

    The Mamluks defeated the Ilkhanates a second time in theFirst Battle of Homsand began to drive them back east. In the process they consolidated their power over Syria, fortified the area, and formed mail routes and diplomatic connections among the local princes. Baibars\' troops attackedAcrein 1263, capturedCaesareain 1265, and tookAntiochin 1268.

    Mamluks attacking at theFall of Tripoliin 1289

    Mamluks also defeated new Ilkhanate attacks in Syria in 1271 and 1281 (theSecond Battle of Homs). They were defeated by the Ilkhanates and their Christian allies at theBattle of Wadi al-Khazandarin 1299. Soon after that the Mamluks defeated the Ilkhanate again in 1303/1304 and 1312. Finally, the Ilkhanates and the Mamluks signed a treaty of peace in 1323.

    Burji dynastyMain article:Burji dynasty

    By the late fourteenth century, the majority of the Mamluk ranks were made up ofCircassiansfrom theNorth Caucasusregion, whose young males had been frequently captured for slavery.[3]In 1382 theBurji dynastytook over whenBarquqwas proclaimed sultan. The name \"Burji\" referred to their center at thecitadelofCairo. The dynasty officials were composed mostly ofCircassians.

    Barkuk became an enemy ofTimur, who threatened to invade Syria. Timur invaded Syria, defeating the Mamluk army, and he sacked Aleppo and captured Damascus. The Ottoman sultan,Bayezid I, then invaded Syria. After Timur\'s death in 1405, the Mamluk sultanan-Nasir Farajregained control of Syria. Frequently facing rebellions by localemirs, he was forced to abdicate in 1412. In 1421, Egypt was attacked by theKingdom of Cyprus, but the Egyptians forced the Cypriotes to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Egyptian sultanBarsbay. During Barsbay\'s reign, Egypt\'s population became greatly reduced from what it had been a few centuries before; it had one-fifth the number of towns.

    Al-Ashraf came to power in 1453. He had friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire, which capturedConstantinoplelater that year, causing great rejoicings in Muslim Egypt. However, under the reign ofKhoshqadam, Egypt began the struggle between the Egyptian and the Ottoman sultanates. In 1467 sultanQaitbayoffended the Ottoman sultanBayezid II, whose brother was poisoned. Bayezid II seizedAdana,Tarsusand other places within Egyptian territory, but was eventually defeated. Qaitbay also tried to help theMuslims in Spain, who were suffering after the CatholicReconquista, by threatening the Christians in Syria, but he had little effect in Spain. He died in 1496, several hundred thousand ducats in debt to the great trading families of the {Kingdom} Republic ofVenice, an eastern Mediterranean state, now a port in present-day Italy.

    Portuguese-Mamluk Wars

    Vasco da Gamain 1497 sailed around theCape of Good Hopeand pushed his way west across the Indian Ocean to the shores ofMalabarandKozhikode. There he attacked the fleets that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to theRed Sea, and struck terror into the potentates all around. Various engagements took place. Cairo\'s Mamluk sultanAl-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawriwas affronted at the attacks around the Red Sea, the loss of tolls and traffic, the indignities to whichMeccaand its port were subjected, and above all for losing one of his ships. He vowed vengeance upon Portugal, first sending monks from theChurch of the Holy Sepulchreas envoys, he threatenedPope Julius IIthat if he did not checkManuel I of Portugalin his depredations on the Indian Sea, he would destroy all Christian holy places.[27]

    The rulers ofGujaratin India andYemenalso turned for help to the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. They wanted a fleet to be armed in the Red Sea that could protect their important trading sea routes from Portuguese attack.Jeddahwas soon fortified as a harbor of refuge soArabiaand the Red Sea were protected. But the fleets in the Indian Ocean were still at the mercy of the enemy.

    The last Mamluk sultan,Al-Ghawri,fitted out a fleet of 50 vessels. As Mamluks had little expertise in naval warfare, he sought help from the Ottomans to develop this naval enterprise.[28]In 1508 at theBattle of Chaul, the Mamluk fleet defeated the Portuguese viceroy\'s sonLourenço de Almeida.

    But, in the following year, the Portuguese won theBattle of Diuand wrested the port city ofDiufrom theGujarat Sultanate. Some years after,Afonso de AlbuquerqueattackedAden, and Egyptian troops suffered disaster from the Portuguese in Yemen. Al-Ghawri fitted out a new fleet to punish the enemy and protect the Indian trade. Before it could exert much power, Egypt had lost its sovereignty. The Ottoman Empire took over Egypt and the Red Sea, together withMeccaand all its Arabian interests.

    Ottomans and the end of the Mamluk Sultanate

    The Ottoman SultanBayezid IIwas engaged in warfare in southern Europe when a new era of hostility with Egypt began in 1501. It arose out of the relations with theSafavid dynastyinPersia. ShahIsmail Isent an embassy to theRepublic of Venicevia Syria, inviting Venice to ally with Persia and recover its territory taken by the Ottomans.Mameluk Egyptian sultan Al-Ghawriwas charged bySelim Iwith giving the Persian envoys passage through Syria on their way to Venice and harboring refugees. To appease him, Al-Ghawri placed in confinement the Venetian merchants then in Syria and Egypt, but after a year released them.[29]

    After theBattle of Chaldiranin 1514, Selim attacked the bey ofDulkadirids, as Egypt\'s vassal had stood aloof, and sent his head to Al-Ghawri. Now secure against Persia, in 1516 he formed a great army for the conquest of Egypt, but gave out that he intended further attacks on Persia.

    In 1515, Selim began the war which led to the conquest Egypt and its dependencies. Mamluk cavalry proved no match for the Ottoman artillery andJanissary infantry. On 24 August 1516, at theBattle of Marj Dabiq, Sultan Al-Ghawri was killed. Syria passed into Turkish possession, an event welcomed in many places as it was seen as deliverance from the Mamelukes.[29]

    The Mamluke Sultanate survived in Egypt until 1517, when Selim captured Cairo on 20 January. Although not in the same form as under the Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class and the Mamluks and the Burji family succeeded in regaining much of their influence, but as vassals of the Ottomans.[29][30]

    Mamluk independence from the OttomansMain article:History of Ottoman EgyptCharge of the MamlukcavalrybyCarle Vernet

    In 1768,Ali Bey Al-Kabirdeclared independence from the Ottomans. However, the Ottomans crushed the movement and retained their position after his defeat. By this time new slave recruits were introduced from Georgia in the Caucasus.

    Napoleon invadesMain article:French campaign in Egypt and SyriaCharge of the Mamluks during theBattle of the PyramidsbyFelician Myrbach. An elite body of cavalry whom the French encountered during theircampaign in Egypt in 1798, the Mamluks could trace their lineage of service to the Ottomans back to the mid-13th century.

    In 1798, the rulingDirectoryof theRepublic of Franceauthorised a campaign in \"The Orient\" to protect French trade interests and undermine Britain\'s access to India. To this end,Napoleon Bonaparteled anArmée d\'Orientto Egypt.

    The French defeated a Mamluk army in theBattle of the Pyramidsand drove the survivors out toUpper Egypt. The Mamluks relied on massed cavalry charges, changed only by the addition ofmusket. The French infantryformed squareand held firm. Despite multiple victories and an initially successful expedition into Syria, mounting conflict in Europe and the earlier defeat of the supporting French fleet by the BritishRoyal Navyat theBattle of the Niledecided the issue.

    On 14 September 1799 GeneralJean Baptiste Kléberestablished a mounted company of Mamluk auxiliaries and SyrianJanissariesfrom Turkish troops captured at thesiege of Acre.Menoureorganized the company on 7 July 1800, forming 3 companies of 100 men each and renaming it the \"Mamluks de la République\". In 1801 GeneralJean Rappwas sent to Marseille to organize a squadron of 250 Mamluks. On 7 January 1802 the previous order was canceled and the squadron reduced to 150 men. The list of effectives on 21 April 1802 reveals 3 officers and 155 other ranks. By decree of 25 December 1803 the Mamluks were organized into a company attached to theChasseurs-à-Chevalof theImperial Guard(seeMamelukes of the Imperial Guard).

    The Second of May 1808: The charge of the Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard inMadrid, byFrancisco de Goya

    Napoleon left with his personal guard in late 1799. His successor in Egypt, GeneralJean Baptiste Kléber, was assassinated on 14 June 1800. Command of the Army in Egypt fell toJacques-François Menou. Isolated and out of supplies, Menou surrendered to the British in 1801.

    After Napoleon

    After the departure of French troops in 1801 the Mamluks continued their struggle for independence; this time against the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain. In 1803, Mamluk leadersIbrahim BeyandOsman Bey al-Bardisiwrote to theRussianconsul-general, asking him to mediate with the Sultan to allow them to negotiate for a cease-fire, and a return to their homeland Georgia. The Russian ambassador inConstantinoplerefused however to intervene, because of nationalist unrest in Georgia that might have been encouraged by a Mamluk return.[29]

    In 1805, the population of Cairo rebelled. This provided a chance for the Mamluks to seize power, but internal friction prevented them from exploiting this opportunity. In 1806, the Mamluks defeated the Turkish forces in several clashes. in June the rival parties concluded an agreement by whichMuhammad Ali, (appointed as governor of Egypt on 26 March 1806), was to be removed and authority returned to the Mamluks. However, they were again unable to capitalize on this opportunity due to discord between factions. Muhammad Ali retained his authority.[2]

    End of Mamluk power in EgyptMassacre of the Mamelukesat the Cairo citadel, 1811

    Muhammad Ali knew that he would have to deal with the Mamluks if he wanted to control Egypt. They were still the feudal owners of Egypt and their land was still the source of wealth and power. However, the economic strain of sustaining the military manpower necessary to defend the Mamluks\'s system from the Europeans and Turks would eventually weaken them to the point of collapse.[31]

    On 1 March 1811, Muhammad Ali invited all of the leading Mamluks to his palace to celebrate the declaration of war against the Wahhabis in Arabia. Between 600 and 700 Mamluks paraded for this purpose inCairo. Muhammad Ali\'s forces killed almost all of these near the Al-Azab gates in a narrow road down from Mukatam Hill. This ambush came to be known as theMassacre of the Citadel. According to contemporary reports, only one Mamluk, whose name is given variously as Amim (also Amyn), or Heshjukur (a Besleney), survived when he forced his horse to leap from the walls of the citadel.[32]

    During the following week an estimated 3,000 Mamluks and their relatives were killed throughout Egypt, by Muhammad\'s regular troops. In the citadel of Cairo alone more than 1,000 Mamluks died.

    Despite Muhammad Ali\'s destruction of the Mamluks in Egypt, a party of them escaped and fled south into what is nowSudan. In 1811, these Mamluks established a state atDunqulahin theSennaras a base for their slave trading. In 1820, the sultan of Sennar informed Muhammad Ali that he was unable to comply with a demand to expel the Mamluks. In response, the pasha sent 4,000 troops to invade Sudan, clear it of Mamluks, and reclaim it for Egypt. Thepasha\'s forces received the submission of the Kashif, dispersed the Dunqulah Mamluks, conqueredKordofan, and accepted Sennar\'s surrender from the lastFunjsultan,Badi VII.

    Other Mamluk regimes

    There were various places in which mamluks gained political or military power as a self-replicating military community.

    South AsiaMain article:Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)

    In 1206, the Mamluk commander of the Muslim forces in the Indian subcontinent,Qutb al-Din Aibak, proclaimed himself Sultan, becoming in effect theMamluk Sultanate in Dehli, which lasted until 1290.

    Further information:Delhi SultanateIraqMain article:Mamluk dynasty of Iraq

    Mamluk corps were first introduced inIraqbyHasan PashaofBaghdadin 1702. From 1747 to 1831 Iraq was ruled, with short intermissions, by Mamluk officers ofGeorgianorigin[8][33]who succeeded in asserting autonomy from theSublime Porte, suppressed tribal revolts, curbed the power of the Janissaries, restored order, and introduced a program of modernization of the economy and the military. In 1831 the Ottomans overthrewDawud Pasha, the last Mamluk ruler, and imposed direct control over Iraq.[34]

    Mamluk rulersIn EgyptMain article:List of Mamluk sultansBahri Dynasty
    • 1250Shajar al-Durr(al-Salih Ayyub\'s Widow de facto ruler of Salah-ad-Din Khalil
    • 1294al-Nasir Muhammadfirst reign
    • 1295al-Adil Muhammadsecond reign
    • 1309al-Muzaffar Rukn-ad-Din Baybars II al-Jashankir
    • 1310al-Nasir Muhammadthird reign
    • 1340Saif ad-Din Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt
    • 1342As-Salih Ismail, Sultan of Egypt
    • 1345Al-Kamil Sha\'ban
    • 1346Al-Muzaffar Hajji
    • 1347al-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Ma\'aly al-Hassanfirst reign
    • 1351al-Salih Salah-ad-Din Ibn Muhammad
    • 1354al-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Ma\'aly al-Hassansecond reign
    • 1361al-Mansur Salah-ad-Din Mohamed Ibn Hajji
    • 1363al-Ashraf Zein al-Din Abu al-Ma\'ali ibn Shaban
    • 1376al-Mansur Ala-ad-Din Ali Ibn al-Ashraf Shaban
    • 1382 al-Salih Salah Zein al-Din Hajji IIfirst reign
    A Mamluk on horseback, with a Piéton or foot-soldier mamluk and aBedouinsoldier, 1804Burji Dynasty
    • 1382Barquq,first reign
    • 1389 Hajji IIsecond reign(with honorific title al-Muzaffar or al-Mansur) – Temporary Bahri rule
    • 1390Barquq,Second reign– Burji rule re-established
    • 1399 An-Nasir Naseer ad-Din Faraj
    • 1405 Al-Mansoor Azzaddin Abdal Aziz
    • 1405 An-Nasir Naseer ad-Din Faraj (second time)
    • 1412al-Musta\'in(Abbasid Caliph, proclaimed as Sultan)
    • 1412 Al-Muayad Sayf ad-Din Shaykh
    • 1421 Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
    • 1421 Az-Zahir Saif ad-Din Tatar
    • 1421 As-Salih Nasir ad-Din Al-Aziz Djamal ad-Din Yusuf
    • 1438Jaqmaq
    • 1453 Al-Mansoor Fahr ad-Din Osman
    • 1453 Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Enal
    • 1461 Al-Muayad Shihab ad-Din Ahmad
    • 1461 Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Khushkadam
    • 1467 Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Belbay
    • 1468 Az-Zahir Abu al-Sa\'adat Muhammad bin Qait Bayfirst reign
    • 1497Qansuh Al-Burji
    • 1497al-Nasir Abu al-Sa\'adat Muhammad bin Qait Baysecond reign
    • 1498Qansuh Al-Ashrafi
    • 1500 Al-Bilal bay I
    • 1501Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri
    • 1517Tuman bay II
    In IndiaThe mausoleum ofQutb al-Din AibakinAnarkali,Lahore,Pakistan.
    • 1206Qutb-ud-din Aybak, foundedMamluk Sultanate, Delhi
    • 1210Aram Shah
    • 1211Shams ud din Iltutmish. Son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aybak.
    • 1236Rukn ud din Firuz. Son of Iltutmish.
    • 1236Razia Sultana. Daughter of Iltutmish.
    • 1240Muiz ud din Bahram. Son of Iltutmish.
    • 1242Ala ud din Masud. Son of Rukn ud din.
    • 1246Nasir ud din Mahmud. Son of Iltutmish.
    • 1266Ghiyas ud din Balban. Ex-slave, son-in-law of Iltutmish.
    • 1286Muiz ud din Qaiqabad. Grandson of Balban and Nasir ud din.
    • 1290Kayumars. Son of Muiz ud din.
    In Iraq
    • 1704Hasan Pasha
    • 1723Ahmad Pasha, son of Hasan
    • 1749Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha, son-in-law of Ahmad
    • 1762Omar Pasha, son of Ahmad
    • 1780Sulayman Pasha the Great, son of Omar
    • 1802Ali Pasha, son of Omar
    • 1807Sulayman Pasha the Little, son of Sulayman Great
    • 1813Said Pasha, son of Sulayman Great
    • 1816Dawud Pasha(1816–1831)
    In Acre
    • 1805Sulayman Pasha al-Adil,mamlukofJezzar Pasha
    • 1819Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali(1819-1831)
    \"Mamluk\" as derogatory term

    Office titles and terminology

    The term Mamluk became known throughout Europe following the Ottoman conquests of Egypt and the Levant in 1516–1517. It was used as a derogatory term inGeneva, just prior to the overthrow ofSavoyrule in 1526 by the supporters ofPhilibert Berthelier, to describe the faction in the state council that advocated the continued rule of the Savoy dynasty. As Mamluk means \"slaves of the king\", the republican faction in Geneva used it to suggest that the supporters of Savoy rule were the enemies of freedom.


    The following terms originally come from eitherTurkishorOttoman Turkish language(the latter composed of Turkish, Arabic, and Persian words and grammar structures).

    EnglishArabicNotesAlama Sultaniyaعلامة سلطانيةThe mark or signature of the Sultan put on his decrees, letters and documents.Al-Nafir al-Amالنفير العامGeneral emergency declared during warAmirأميرPrinceAmir Akhurأمير آخورsupervisor of the royal stable (from Persianآخورmeaning stable)Amir Majlisأمير مجلسGuard of Sultan\'s seat and bedAtabekأتابكCommander in chief (literally \"father-lord,\" originally meaning an appointed step-father for a non-Mamluk minor prince)AstadarأستادارChief of the royal servantsBarid Jawiبريد جوىAirmail (mail sent by carrier-pigeons, amplified by SultanBaibars)Bayt al-Malبيت المالtreasuryCheshmehششمهA pool of water, or fountain (literally \"eye\"), from of Sultan\'s ink bottle (from Persianدواتدارmeaning bearer of the ink bottle)FondokفندقHotel (some famous hotels in Cairo during the Mamluk era wereDar al-Tofah, Fondok BilalandFondok al-Salih)HajibحاجبDoorkeeper of sultan\'s courtIqtaإقطاعRevenue from land allotmentJamkiyaجامكيةSalary paid to a MamlukJashnakirجاشنكيرFood taster of the sultan (to assure his beer was not poisoned)JomdarجمدارAn official at the department of the Sultan\'s clothing (from Persianجامهدار, meaning keeper of cloths)Kafel al-mamalek al-sharifah al-islamiya al-amir al-amriكافل الممالك الشريفة الاسلامية الأمير الأمرىTitle of the Vice-sultan (Guardian of the Prince of Command [lit. Commander-in-command] of the Dignified Islamic Kingdoms)KhanخانA store that specialized in selling a certain commodityKhaskiyaخاصكيةCourtiers of the sultan and most trusted royal mamluks who functioned as the Sultan\'s bodyguards/ A privileged group around a prominent Amir (from Persianخاصگیان, meaning close (from Ottoman Turkishخستهخانه, from Persian)KhondخندWife of the sultanKhushdashiyaخشداشيةMamluks belonging to the same Amir or Sultan.Mahkamat al-Mazalimمحكمة المظالمCourt of complaint. A court that heard cases of complaints of people against state officials. This court was headed by the sultan himself.Mamalik Kitabeyaمماليك كتابيةMamluks still attending training classes and who still live at the Tebaq (campus)Mamalik Sultaneyaمماليك سلطانيةMamluks of the sultan; to distinguish from the Mamluks of the Amirs (princes)Modwarat al-Sultanمدورة السلطانSultan\'s tent which he used during travel.MohtasebمحتسبController of markets, public works and local affairs.MorqadarمرقدارWorks in the Royal Kitchen (from Persianمرغدارmeaning one responsible for the fowl)MushrifمشرفSupervisor of the Royal KitchenNa\'ib Al-Sultanنائب السلطانVice-sultanQa\'at al-insha\'aقاعة الإنشاءChancery hallQadi al-Qodaقاضى القضاةChief justiceQalat al-Jabalقلعة الجبلCitadel of the Mountain (the abode and court of the sultan in Cairo)QaranisaقرانصةMamluks who moved to the service of a new Sultan or from the service of an Amir to a sultan.QussadقصادSecret couriers and agents who kept the sultan informedOstazأستاذBenefactor of Mamluks (the Sultan or the Emir) (from Persian استاد)RankرنكAn emblem that distinguished the rank and position of a Mamluk (probably from Persianرنگmeaning color)SanjaqiسنجاقىA standard-bearer of the for drinks, medicines and glass-wares of the sultan. (from Persianشرابخانهmeaning wine cellar)SilihdarسلحدارArm-Bearer (from Arabicسلاح+ Persianدار, meaning arm-bearer)TabalkhanaطبلخانهThe amir responsible for the Mamluk military band, from worn by a Mamluk during the ceremony of inauguration to the position of for serving the wives of the sultan and supervising new Mamluks.TebaqطباقCampus of the Mamluks at the citadel of the used for the laundry of the sultan (from Persianتشتخانه, meaning tub room)WaliوالىviceroyYuqيوقA large linen closet used in every mamluk home, which stored pillows and sheets. (Related to the present Crimean Tatar word Yuqa, \"to sleep\". In modern Turkish: Yüklük.)



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