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George VGeorge VFormal portrait, 1923
  • King of the United Kingdom
    and theBritish Dominions
  • Emperor of India
Reign6 May 1910 –20 January 1936Coronation22 June 1911Imperial Durbar12 December 1911PredecessorEdward VIISuccessorEdward VIIIBornPrince George of Wales
3 June 1865
Marlborough House, Westminster, Middlesex, EnglandDied20 January 1936(aged70)
Sandringham House, Norfolk, EnglandBurial28 January 1936
Royal Vault,St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle27 February 1939
North Nave Aisle, St George's ChapelSpouseMary of Teck​(m.1893)​Issue
Detail
  • Edward VIII
  • George VI
  • Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
  • Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
  • Prince George, Duke of Kent
  • Prince John
NamesGeorge Frederick Ernest AlbertHouse
  • Saxe-Coburg and Gotha(by birth)
  • Torpedo Boat 79
  • HMSThrush
  • HMSMelampus
King George V's voiceDuration: 3 minutes and 4 seconds.3:04George delivers the firstRoyal Christmas Message
Recorded 25 December 1932

George V(George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) wasKing of the United Kingdomand theBritish Dominions, andEmperor of India, from 6 May 1910 untilhis deathin 1936.

George was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Victoria, as the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (laterKing Edward VIIandQueen Alexandra). He was third in the line ofsuccession to the British thronebehind his father and his elder brother,Prince Albert Victor. From 1877 to 1892, George served in theRoyal Navy, until his elder brother's unexpected death in January 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. The next year,George marriedhis brother's fiancée,Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, and they had six children. WhenQueen Victoria diedin 1901, George's father ascended the throne as Edward VII, and George was createdPrince of Wales. He becameking-emperoronhis father's deathin 1910.

George's reign saw the rise ofsocialism,communism,fascism,Irish republicanism, and theIndian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political landscape of theBritish Empire, which itself reached its territorial peak by the beginning of the 1920s. TheParliament Act 1911established the supremacy of the electedBritish House of Commonsover the unelectedHouse of Lords. As a result of theFirst World War(1914–1918), the empires of his first cousinsNicholas II of RussiaandWilhelm II of Germanyfell, while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent. In 1917, George became the first monarch of theHouse of Windsor, which he renamed from theHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gothaas a result ofanti-German public sentiment. He appointed thefirst Labour ministryin 1924, and the1931 Statute of Westminsterrecognised the Empire's Dominions as separate, independent states within theBritish Commonwealth of Nations.

George suffered from smoking-related health problems during his later reign. On his death in January 1936, he was succeeded by his eldest son,Edward VIII.Edward abdicatedin December of that year and was succeeded by his younger brother Albert, who took the regnal nameGeorge VI.

Early life and education

George was born on 3 June 1865, inMarlborough House, London. He was the second son ofAlbert Edward, Prince of Wales, andAlexandra, Princess of Wales. His father was the eldest son ofQueen VictoriaandPrince Albert, and his mother was the eldest daughter ofKing Christian IXandQueen Louise of Denmark. He was baptised atWindsor Castleon 7 July 1865 by theArchbishop of Canterbury,Charles Longley.[a]

George as a young boy, 1870

As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was little expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother,Prince Albert Victor. George was only 17months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together.John Neale Daltonwas appointed as their tutor in 1871. Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually.[2]As their father thought that the navy was "the very best possible training for any boy",[3]in September 1877, when George was 12years old, both brothers joined the cadet training shipHMSBritanniaatDartmouth, Devon.[4]

For three years from 1879, the princes served onHMSBacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of theBritish Empirein theCaribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visitedNorfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, theMediterranean, Egypt, and East Asia. In 1881 on a visit to Japan, George had a local artist tattoo a blue and red dragon on his arm,[5]and was received in an audience by theEmperor Meiji; George and his brother presentedEmpress Harukowith twowallabiesfrom Australia.[6]Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitledThe Cruise of HMS Bacchante.[7]BetweenMelbourneandSydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of theFlying Dutchman, a mythical ghost ship.[8]When they returned to Britain, the Queen complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German, and so they spent six months inLausannein an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language.[9]After Lausanne, the brothers were separated; Albert Victor attendedTrinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in theRoyal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire. During his naval career he commandedTorpedo Boat 79in home waters, thenHMSThrushon theNorth America and West Indies Station. His last active service was in command ofHMSMelampusin 1891–1892. From then on, his naval rank was largely honorary.[10]

MarriageSee also:Wedding of Prince George and Princess Victoria MaryPhotograph, 1893

As a young man destined to serve in the navy, Prince George served for many years under the command of his unclePrince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was stationed inMalta. There, he grew close to and fell in love with his cousinPrincess Marie of Edinburgh. His grandmother, father and uncle all approved the match, but his own mother andMarie's motheropposed it. The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro-German, and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England. The Duchess, the only daughter ofAlexander II of Russia, resented the fact that, as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign, she had to yield precedence to George's mother, whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark. Guided by her mother, Marie refused George when he proposed to her. She marriedFerdinand, Crown Prince of Romania, in 1893.[11]

George and Mary on their wedding day

In November 1891, George's brother, Albert Victor, became engaged to his second cousin once removedPrincess Victoria Mary of Teck, known as "May" within the family.[12]Her parents wereFrancis, Duke of Teck(a member of amorganatic, cadet branch of theHouse of Württemberg), andPrincess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a male-line granddaughter ofGeorgeIIIand a first cousin of Queen Victoria.[13]

On 14 January 1892, six weeks after the formal engagement, Albert Victor died ofpneumoniaduring aninfluenza pandemic, leaving George second in line to the throne and likely to succeed after his father. George had only just recovered from a serious illness himself, having been confined to bed for six weeks withtyphoid fever, the disease that was thought to have killed his grandfather Prince Albert.[14]Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match for her grandson, and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning.[15]

A year after Albert Victor's death, George proposed to May and was accepted. They married on 6 July 1893 at theChapel RoyalinSt James's Palace, London. Throughout their lives, they remained devoted to each other. George was, on his own admission, unable to express his feelings easily in speech, but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment.[16]

Duke of YorkWith his children,Edward,Albert, andMary. Photograph by his motherAlexandra, 1899.

The death of his elder brother effectively ended George's naval career, as he was now second in line to the throne, after his father.[17]George was createdDuke of York,Earl of Inverness, andBaron Killarneyby Queen Victoria on 24 May 1892,[18]and received lessons in constitutional history fromJ. R. Tanner.[19]

The Duke and Duchess of York hadfive sons and a daughter.Randolph Churchillclaimed that George was a strict father, to the extent that his children were terrified of him, and that George had remarked to theEarl of Derby: "My father was frightened of his mother, I was frightened of my father, and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me." In reality, there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time.[20]Whether this was the case or not, his children did seem to resent his strict nature, his sonPrince Henrygoing as far as to describe him as a "terrible father" in later years.[21]

They lived mainly atYork Cottage,[22]a relatively small house inSandringham, Norfolk, where their way of life mirrored that of a comfortable middle-class family rather than royalty.[23]George preferred a simple, almost quiet, life, in marked contrast to the lively social life pursued by his father. His official biographer,Harold Nicolson, later despaired of George's time as Duke of York, writing: "He may be all right as a young midshipman and a wise old king, but when he was Duke of York... he did nothing at all but kill [i.e.shoot] animals and stick in stamps."[24]George was an avidstamp collector, which Nicolson disparaged,[25]but George played a large role in building theRoyal Philatelic Collectioninto the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world, in some cases setting record purchase prices for items.[26]

In October 1894, George's maternal uncle-by-marriage,Alexander III of Russia, died. At the request of his father, "out of respect for poor dear Uncle Sasha's memory", George joined his parents in Saint Petersburg for the funeral.[27]He and his parents remained in Russia forthe weddinga week later of the new Russian emperor, his maternal first cousinNicholas II, to one of George's paternal first cousins,Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, who had once been considered as a potential bride for George's elder brother.[28]

Prince of WalesDuration: 3 minutes and 48 seconds.3:48George at Montreal and Quebec, 1901

As Duke of York, George carried out a wide variety of public duties. On thedeath of Queen Victoriaon 22 January 1901, George's father ascended the throne asKing Edward VII.[29]George inherited the title ofDuke of Cornwall, and for much of the rest of that year, he was known as the Duke of Cornwall and York.[30]

In 1901, the Duke and Duchess toured theBritish Empire. Their tour included Gibraltar, Malta, Port Said,Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, South Africa, Canada, and theColony of Newfoundland. The tour was designed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlainwith the support of Prime MinisterLord Salisburyto reward the Dominions for their participation in theSouth African Warof 1899–1902. George presented thousands of specially designed South African War medals to colonial troops. In South Africa, the royal party met civic leaders, African leaders, and Boer prisoners, and was greeted by elaborate decorations, expensive gifts, and fireworks displays. Despite this, not all residents responded favourably to the tour. Many white CapeAfrikanersresented the display and expense, the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner-Dutch culture with their status as British subjects. Critics in the English-language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced severe hardship.[31]

Painting byTom Robertsof the Duke opening the firstParliament of Australiaon 9 May 1901

In Australia, George opened the first session of theAustralian Parliamenton thecreation of the Commonwealth of Australia.[32]In New Zealand, he praised the military values, bravery, loyalty, and obedience to duty of New Zealanders, and the tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress, especially in its adoption of up-to-date British standards in communications and the processing industries. The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants, while avoiding news of growing social tensions, by focusing the attention of the British press on a land few knew about.[33]On his return to Britain, in a speech atGuildhall, London, George warned of "the impression which seemed to prevail among [our] brethren across the seas, that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre-eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors."[34]

On 9 November 1901, George was createdPrince of WalesandEarl of Chester.[35][36]George's father wished to prepare him for his future role as king. In contrast to Edward himself, whom Queen Victoria had deliberately excluded from state affairs, George was given wide access to state documents by his father.[17][37]George in turn allowed his wife access to his papers,[38]as he valued her counsel and she often helped write his speeches.[39]As Prince of Wales, he supported reforms in naval training, including cadets being enrolled at the ages of twelve and thirteen, and receiving the same education, whatever their class and eventual assignments. The reforms were implemented by the then Second (later First) Sea Lord,Sir John Fisher.[40]

From November 1905 to March 1906, George and May touredBritish India, where he was disgusted by racial discrimination and campaigned for greater involvement of Indians in the government of the country.[41]The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for thewedding of King Alfonso XIII to George's cousin Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, at which the bride and groomnarrowly avoided assassinationwhen the driver of their coach and more than a dozen spectators were killed by a bomb thrown by an anarchist,Mateu Morral. A week after returning to Britain, George and May travelled to Norway for thecoronationofKing Haakon VII, George's cousin and brother-in-law, andQueen Maud, George's siste

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